Categories
Mental Health PTSD Recovery

Treating PTSD in Children and Adolescents

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is not just for adults:

it also occurs in children and adolescents. Children and teens that witness violence and have post-traumatic stress symptoms require psychological care, but studies are suggesting that while children may experience the full range of post-traumatic stress symptoms, the manifestation of symptoms can differ from that of an adult.

 

The Journal of Pediatric Psychology says, “in the DSM-IV, eight criteria require verbal descriptions of experiences and emotional states. The lack of developmental modifications may result in an under-diagnosis of PTSD. “(Pynoos, Steinberg, & Goenjian, 1996). Scheeringa et al. (1995) Additional  “evidence suggests that children may experience disabling PSS (post-traumatic stress symptoms) that warrant treatment, but not meet criteria for PTSD (Carrion, Weems, Ray, & Reiss, 2002).

 

What has become crucial in defining this diagnosis for adolescents is the way in which clinicians understand how PTSD presents in youth. There is still a debate within the field of pediatric psychology about whether or not distinct youth criteria should be established — thus far, post-traumatic stress symptoms have been assessed primarily using criteria outlined for adults.  When assessing youth for PTSD, the adaptation for youth includes the “simplification of language and concepts.” However, there continues to be discussion amongst clinicians about the need for separate qualifiers for youth.

 

Symptoms of PTSD might include classic stress responses such as nightmares, fear and a general response to distress, but according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, there may be some symptoms unique to children and adolescents like:

 

  • Reenactment of the event
  • Regressed behavior
  • Separation anxiety,
  • Specific forms of behavioral, academic, and somatic problems”

Did you know: Between 25 and 87% of youth report experiencing at least one traumatic event before age 20, with girls reporting more episodes (Elklit, 2002)

 

Noelle Rodriguez, Psy.D. and Visions Outpatient Psychological Assistant shared some of her experience working with teens who suffer from PTSD. She listed some of the manifestations she sees and how she helps treat them:

  • High levels of depression because PTSD is misdiagnosed
  • Inability to formulate trusting relationships
  • Drug use to attempt to access or regulate feelings

Noelle also finds teens with PTSD also present with some or all of the following:

  • Poor time management
  • A need to find a voice but feels silent inside
  • Loss of self, feeling fragmented
  • Somatic symptoms i.e., body pains, headaches, etc.
  • Disassociation
  • Sexual promiscuously–looking to feel connected
  • Paranoia
  • Lack of boundaries, which leads to more mistrust

Noelle takes her PTSD clients through a process of deep, insightful work that helps them strive toward shifting their paradigm to include:

  • Empowerment;
  • Sobriety (if applicable) on their own terms;
  • Replacing maladaptive behavior with healthy behaviors, for example:
  • Learning to ask for help, finding a support group, becoming able to  recognize and identify PTSD symptoms before they have a chance to fully manifest
  • Self-care
  • Learn how to identify danger vs. safety
  • Develop tools with which to to deal with blame, shame and doubt
  • Time management
  • Honesty in relationships
  • Finding their voice and learning how to speak up for themselves
  • Learning to get grounded when one is in emotional pain.

 

Peter A. Levine, Ph.D, originator and developer of Somatic Experiencing and the Director of the Somatic Experiencing Trauma Institute has transformed the way in which I personally view PTSD.  He says in his book In an Unspoken Voice, “I hope to convey a deeper appreciation that their lives are not dominated by a ‘disorder’ but by an injury that can be transformed and healed.” Like Noelle, he talks about the need for someone working with PTSD to learn to self-regulate. Levine says this self-regulation “allows us to handle our own states of arousal and our difficult emotions,” and that it is what fosters the ability to “evoke a sense of being safely ‘at home’ within ourselves, at home where goodness resides.” Trauma work is a deep process. It involves learning how to hold ourselves with a sense of compassion while we look at the darkness that has swaddled our hearts.

 

So whether or not the DSM catches up, knowing that we have clinicians who are well versed in trauma work and who are willing to guide our youth to recovery is profound. Triggers eventually become tools we work with instead of against. And ultimately, with deep, consistent work, we develop the skills to change our relationship to our trauma and to heal.

Originally posted on May 14, 2014 @ 12:00 am

Categories
Depression Feelings Mental Health PTSD Recovery

Grief and Mental Health: Picking up the Pieces

(Photo credit: Wikipedia)

New trauma and despair is front and center in the US as the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting unveiled the deaths of 20 children and 6 adults. The death of children is always shocking. The innocence and futures lost are rapidly exonerated from our grasp, leaving us breathless and frozen in grief. Families will begin to face the emptiness of their loss and the depth of their grief as the days continue. Additionally, the survivors, both children and adults, will potentially suffer from PTSD as a result of seeing and surviving such horrors. There will be deep sadness, depression, and self-doubt. There will be mental-health issues that need to be tended to, whether we like it or not.  Remember, grief is a staged process with no specific order or end date.

 

Mental health is once again in the headlines, screaming at us to pay attention and dive in to find a solution to a problem which is no longer able to sustain its place as the “elephant in the room.” The list of tragic and heinous events where someone possibly suffering from untreated mental health issues and acts out in egregious violence is getting longer and longer. We blame guns, we blame the parents, we blame the circumstances surrounding the events, but mental illness tends to be an afterthought or worse yet, an excuse. Parents who sit in denial of their child’s mental illness is a problem; poor circumstances and/or degenerative environments are a problem; and untreated mental illness is a problem. There are solutions to all of these problems, especially when we address them early on.

 

In the midst of our deep grief, it’s time to find a way to look at the causative factors that drives a human being to take the lives of innocent children. Our cultural denial and stigmatization of mental health is detrimental to the ultimate well being and healing of our society. In the 1980s, when the government closed several mental health facilities, placing many on the streets with their illnesses left untreated, we had a first glimpse of what mental health looks like when left out in the open: unaddressed and swept aside. This denial lends itself to putting our blinders on when it comes to the imbalances of our minds, pretending they’ll “work themselves out.” They usually don’t. The field of psychiatry has made great strides to discover and treat the varying mental illnesses that affect individuals, but the greatest barrier is typically the denial of the illness by families and the individuals themselves. We have to begin by asking for help. We must begin unraveling the stigma wrapped so tightly around mental illness and replacing it with treatment.

Some signs to watch for in your kids:

  • Often angry or worried
  • Feel grief for a long time after a death
  • Using alcohol or drugs
  • Sudden changes in weight
  • Withdrawal from favorite activities
  • Harming self or others
  • Recklessness
  • Destroying property: yours or others

The only stigma left is the stigma of denial.

SAMSHA also lists the following as types of people and places that will make a referral to, or provide, diagnostic and treatment services.

  • Family doctors
  • Mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, or mental health counselors
  • Religious leaders/counselors
  • Health maintenance organizations
  • Community mental health centers
  • Hospital psychiatry departments and outpatient clinics
  • University- or medical school-affiliated programs
  • State hospital outpatient clinics
  • Social service agencies
  • Private clinics and facilities
  • Employee assistance programs
  • Local medical and/or psychiatric societies
Visions is just a phone call away. We are here to help!
Committed to the Family; Committed to the Future: 866-889-3665.

Originally posted on December 17, 2012 @ 10:39 pm

Categories
Addiction Alcoholism Anxiety Mental Health PTSD Recovery

Addressing Recovery and Trauma

Image by Southworth Sailor via Flickr

A history of sexual violence can create an ideal environment for a variety of mental-health issues, addiction, and alcoholism. Often, the triggering event or events are hidden in the annals of one’s mind and perceived as shameful, deep, dark secrets too horrible to share…with anyone. As a result, drugs, alcohol, and risk-taking behaviors are often seen as the primary issue when one enters treatment. Time and again, we see that this isn’t always the case; That becomes clear when we look at it in terms of statistics:

  • One out of every 6 American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape)[1];
  • 29% are age 12-17;
  • 44% are under age 18;
  • 80% are under age 30.; 12-34 are the highest risk years.
  • Girls ages 16-19 are 4 times more likely than the general population to be victims of rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault;
  • 7% if girls in grades 5-8 (approx. ages 10-13) and 12% of girls in grades 9-12 (approx. ages 14-17) said they had been sexually abused;
  • 3% of boys grades 5-8 and 5% of boys in grades 9-12 said they have been sexually abused[2].

As I frequently tweet Intervention, one of the things I notice on a regular basis is the consistency in which the women on the show are frequently struggling with a history of sexual violence, and are using drugs, alcohol, and promiscuity as their  primary coping skill. From the outside looking in, it’s clear that the goal is to try to desensitize and anesthetize feelings of shame and guilt, et cetera; in other words, do anything and everything NOT to feel, remember, re-experience, or suffer from the emotional attachment to the event itself.

Twelve-step programs were written with specific goals in mind: to stop the alcoholic/addict from drinking and using. The steps work well in that regard, mostly because they are based on the disease model, addressing issues of alcoholism and addiction accordingly. However, the same tools provided to address addiction issues don’t always work in concert with mental-health issues, particularly those attached to sexual violence. We know the steps adequately provide an alcoholic/addict with the necessary skills needed to learn to take responsibility for and subsequently change their negative behaviors. They do so by asking the addict/alcoholic to take responsibility for their actions, face their fears, and acknowledge that they took part in creating their own demise. However, being sexually abused or raped isn’t a negative behavior to be changed but rather a causative, biting factor in things like:

  • Depression
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Alcohol and Drug Abuse
  • Suicidal Ideation
  • Eating Disorders

What then, do we do from a recovery standpoint when the predominant disease model isn’t geared to address issues of this caliber? The Big Book, the 12-step primer, was written by men addressing men’s issues, in a time when women were typically viewed as the ones affected by their spouse’s alcoholism and not as the alcoholics themselves. As more women began to come forward as alcoholics and addicts, the tools didn’t always adapt to the new issues that arose because of gender disparity, but rather, they stayed the same, assuming a one-size-fits-all mentality.  In the cases of women dealing with sexual violence, being asked to take responsibility for an abuse event has the potentiality to create more or actually deepen the existing trauma, particularly if the innate issues of shame and guilt associated with it are ignored. The reality is, being victimized by sexual violence is not the fault of the victim. What does need to be addressed, however, is the anger, self-victimization, and negative behavioral byproducts occurring as a result.

We clearly have a multi-layered healing process on our hands, so first, the negative coping skills must be eliminated: Sobriety is an obvious first step and necessary component to support the healing process. Additionally, working with meditation and mind-body awareness techniques are also useful in helping one manage their anxiety, negative feelings toward oneself, and in re-building self-esteem. A therapist skilled in treating PTSD and this sort of trauma is also important, particularly since this is often a lifelong process.

It is in forgiving ourselves that we have the ability to become free.



[1] National Institute of Justice & Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women Survey. 1998.
[2] 1998 Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls. 1998

Sources and support:
RAINN
One in Four
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Originally posted on October 25, 2011 @ 8:21 pm

Categories
Addiction Anxiety Depression Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) PTSD Recovery Therapy Treatment

MDMA: Is This Psychotropic Drug Helpful, Harmful, or Both?

Image via Wikipedia

Last time I wrote about ecstasy, it was about the rise in ER visits and the inherent dangers of using a drug that inevitably depletes one’s levels of serotonin and has the potentiality of long-term brain damage. So, when I came across an article talking about using MDMA (ecstasy) to treat post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), my curiosity was sparked. Psychedelic drugs have been used to treat mental illness before, and with some success: In the 50s and 60s, psychology was in a Freudian phase, viewing psychological issues as conflicts between the conscious and unconscious minds. At that time, psychedelics were used to allow patients to face their unconscious minds while awake, which purportedly eliminated the variables of memory retrieval. Still, these methods of treatment weren’t without controversy.  With the influx of street use, and folks like Timothy Leary telling people to “”Turn on, tune in and drop out,” the use of psychedelia to treat mental illness was met with great discernment and fell to the wayside.

Currently, interest in using MDMA and other psychedelics to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and PTSD is gaining traction. MAPS is doing extended research on this subject, and states that MDMA isn’t the street drug we call ecstasy, noting that while ecstasy contains MDMA, it also may contain ketamine, caffeine, BZP, and other narcotics and stimulants. According the MAPS site they are “undertakinga 10-year, $10 million plan to make MDMA into an FDA-approved prescription medicine.” They are also “currently the only organization in the world funding clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. For-profit pharmaceutical companies are not interested in developing MDMA into a medicine because the patent for MDMA has expired. Companies also cannot profit from MDMA because it is only administered a limited number of times, unlike most medications for mental illnesses which are taken on a daily basis.”

The use of this drug has leaned so far from its psychotherapeutic roots, proving to be one of the most popular, highly sought-after street drugs around. Because of this, the useful aspect of this drug may easily be overlooked, forcing us to question how we can take something that has morphed into a social enigma and call it useful. I’m curious, will sufficient research place this drug at the discerning hands of medical professionals once again? And how do we, as a recovery community accept this when we have kids coming in suffering from the long-term, negative effects caused by this very drug?

Related articles:

MDMA May Help Relieve Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(time.com)

Ecstasy As Treatment for PTSD from Sexual Trauma and War? New Research Shows Very Promising Results (alternet.org)

Clinical Study of MDMA Confirms Benefits Noted by Therapists Before It Was Banned (reason.com)

Neuroscience for Kids

Ecstasy Associated With Chronic Change in Brain Function

 

Originally posted on June 14, 2011 @ 1:54 pm

Categories
PTSD

The Parents Guide to PTSD in Adolescents

PTSD in adolescents can result from traumatic events such as abuse, accidents, or witnessing violence. Symptoms include intense anxiety, flashbacks, nightmares, and emotional numbness. An early intervention is important, because PTSD can lead to long-term emotional and behavioral issues. Understanding the signs and seeking professional help can significantly improve an adolescent’s mental health and well-being.

Seeing your teen struggle with intense anxiety, flashbacks, and nightmares can be heart-wrenching. Sadly, there’s no way to take away your child’s pain, or place their burden upon yourself. But you can steer them toward a path of better coping, and long-term mental wellness.

Treating PTSD in teens or adults can be a difficult road, but with proper support and a commitment to the treatment process, post-traumatic stress disorder is a very treatable condition.

This article explores everything parents need to know about PTSD in adolescents.

PTSD in Adolescents

Adolescent PTSD can develop after a young person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, leading to symptoms like flashbacks, severe generalized anxiety, and emotional numbness.

Not all traumatic events cause PTSD, and not all symptoms of stress after trauma are related to PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder usually develops in the weeks or months after a traumatic event, and if left untreated, it becomes a recurring long-term condition.

Recognizing and addressing the symptoms of adolescent PTSD early is crucial for a teen’s mental health and recovery. Let’s take a closer look at PTSD in adolescents:

Understanding PTSD in Adolescents

Post-traumatic stress disorder affects about one in 20 teens. Trauma, in the context of PTSD, is usually defined as exposure or threat of death, injury, or violence either through close personal experience, witnessing it happen to someone else in person, repeated indirect exposure, or finding out that a close friend or loved one went through trauma. In short, trauma is anything horrible happening to you, someone close to you, or someone you’ve seen it happen to.

Many people still believe that PTSD is a condition that mostly affects people coming home from war, but that’s not the case. While war exposes people to many situations that can cause PTSD, most cases of PTSD are experienced by women after surviving sexual or domestic violence at the hand of a close acquaintance.

Other causes of PTSD include witnessing or surviving violence in the community, childhood abuse or trauma, experiencing war as a civilian, natural disasters, and traumatic accidents such as a car wreck. Among teens especially, the most common causes of PTSD include abuse or witnessing a violent crime. According to information compiled by the SAMHSA, more than two-thirds of teens experience some traumatic event by the time they’re 16 years old.

Trauma is subjective, and some people are more resilient to it than others. But post-traumatic stress can hit anyone, at any time.

Recognizing the Symptoms of PTSD

Post-traumatic stress in teens and adults is characterized by the presence of four different kinds of symptoms:

  • Re-experiencing, including frequent recurring nightmares, intrusive or unwanted thoughts or obsessions, or flashbacks.
  • Avoidance, such as going out of the way to avoid a certain community or area of town, staying away from elevators, or never traveling by train again.
  • Cognitive and mood symptoms, such as irritability, memory issues, depression, dissociation, or difficulty thinking.
  • Hyperreactivity, such as becoming easily startled, reacting aggressively to seemingly random stimulus, or being on edge constantly.

What sets adolescent PTSD apart from adult PTSD is the intensity of irritability symptoms. Teens with PTSD symptoms tend to become more aggressive, lash out against others, and are more likely to struggle with regulating their emotions and reacting appropriately to things around them.

How PTSD Affects Teen Development

PTSD symptoms can delay a teen’s mental and social development, especially if left untreated. Teens with PTSD are more likely to struggle with depression, anxiety, self-harm, and substance use.

They’re more likely to struggle academically, less likely to graduate without support or treatment, and more likely to continue to live in a cycle of abuse. They are more likely to get into life-threatening risky situations and they are more likely to be involved in violence.

Post-traumatic stress disorder can also change the way the brain reacts to certain stimuli and is sometimes described as a fight-or-flight response that is “always on”. This can negatively affect cognition and memory, causing difficulties with problem solving and critical thinking.

Treatment Options for Adolescent PTSD

Treatment options for adolescent PTSD include different forms of talk therapy such as exposure therapy, EMDR, and neurofeedback, as well as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, or alpha-blockers (such as Prazosin) in rare cases.

Other useful treatment methods for adolescent PTSD include experiential therapies such as music and art therapy and equine therapy.

Supporting Your Teen at Home

A family’s role is just as important as a therapist’s role in the long-term management of a condition like PTSD. Family members can work with therapists to reduce a teen’s anxieties by finding out exactly what they need to do to prepare a safe home environment, while providing emotional support during treatment.

It’s also important for family members not to encourage symptoms of avoidance, without pushing their teen to their emotional edge by taking them into places they’re not yet comfortable with.

Teens going through PTSD treatment will also need to learn to cope with negative feelings, such as irritability or low mood, through different exercises or coping styles. Supporting teens in committing to their treatment by making sure they’re sticking to their exercises or coping styles is also important.

When to Seek Professional Help

Symptoms of PTSD are serious in every age group. From young children to the elderly, addressing PTSD through therapy can greatly improve a person’s quality of life. For teens, who are at the cusp of adulthood, it’s crucial to seek professional help as soon as possible.

If you’re a teen experiencing symptoms of what might be PTSD, or if your loved one’s behavior has changed since experiencing something awful, it’s important to find someone to talk to. Professional help and early treatment can make PTSD more manageable, and easier to cope with.

Trauma Treatment for Teens in Southern California

Has your teen been through a traumatic experience? Are you worried about changes in their behavior, or signs of PTSD?

Learn more about our trauma treatment plans at Visions Treatment Centers, where we combine multidisciplinary treatment methods with compassionate inpatient care through our residential teen treatment programs here in Southern California.

Our expert team provides a safe environment for teenagers to focus on healing, utilizing evidence-based practices to address the impact of trauma. Contact us at Visions Treatment Centers today to find out more.

Conclusion

With symptoms such as intense anxiety, flashbacks, and nightmares, untreated adolescent PTSD can lead to long-term emotional and behavioral issues, haunting teens for a lifetime to come. Understanding the signs and seeking help is crucial for improving the mental health and well-being of adolescents. Work with us at Visions to help your teen cope with their symptoms, and lead a better life.

Categories
PTSD

PTSD Awareness Month: Helping Teens Cope and Heal

This June’s PTSD Awareness Month aims to raise awareness about post-traumatic stress disorder and its effects. Parents can support teens coping with PTSD by creating a safe and understanding environment, encouraging open communication, and seeking professional help when needed. Providing unconditional love and patience while respecting their boundaries can foster healing and resilience in teens affected by trauma.

One study suggests that by age 18, 8% of youth who have experienced trauma have met the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, with numbers rising to 40% in cases of sexual abuse and assault (NIH).

This month is recognized as PTSD Awareness Month, dedicated to raising awareness about post-traumatic stress disorder and its impact on individuals, including children and teens.

During this month, various organizations and communities host events and campaigns to educate the public about PTSD symptoms, treatment options, and resources available for support.

This article explores PTSD awareness month and how parents can help teens cope and heal from trauma.

What is PTSD Awareness Month?

PTSD Awareness Month was first established as PTSD Awareness Day on June 27th, 2010, in recognition of Staff Sergeant Joe Biel, who experienced PTSD due to his tours in Iraq and died by suicide in 2007. Four years later, in 2014, the federal government designated the entire month of June as PTSD Awareness Month in recognition of the effects of PTSD on not just the men and women who serve to protect their country but also the countless victims of abuse, war, and natural disasters who survive and experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress.

During PTSD Awareness Month, federal organizations and NGOs try to spread the word on the effects and treatment paths for different forms of PTSD and how PTSD affects people across all walks of life, including young children and teens.

PTSD is often associated with war veterans. Before it was described and classified in the DSM in 1980, the psychiatric world had described post-traumatic stress as “shell shock” and “war neurosis.” We know today that while many in the military struggle with PTSD compared to the general public, those who struggle with symptoms of PTSD the most include survivors of trauma at home, especially traumatic events such as experiencing war as a civilian, sexual abuse, assault, and domestic violence.

Helping Teens Cope with PTSD

Symptoms of PTSD in teens can vary from those of younger children and older adults. Teens with PTSD are more likely to lash out emotionally and experience irritability.

Making sure teens with PTSD get all the help they need starts with learning to recognize the signs and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in adolescents. Family members and educators should watch children who survived a traumatic event and take note of changes or irregularities in their actions and behavior. Here’s how parents can help their teens cope with PTSD:

Professional Therapy

Post-traumatic stress disorder consists of symptoms of re-experiencing or intrusive thinking, avoidance, mood symptoms, and reactivity or hyperarousal (experiencing extreme stress, irritation, or even constant anxiety). While specific symptoms differ from case to case, someone going through PTSD will experience all four of these types of symptoms.

Teens will struggle to focus and concentrate, may have trouble with interpersonal communication or forming healthy relationships, and are more likely to lash out at others.

Professional therapy is needed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for a PTSD diagnosis. Ensure your teen considers and finds a therapist they can trust and feel comfortable with.

Peer Support Groups

One-on-one therapy is crucial, but support groups can help teens feel less alone while going through an often-isolated treatment experience.

Knowing other teens with similar experiences and struggles can be comforting, especially when they offer to support each other through active listening, group therapy, and other activities.

Family Involvement

Family therapy can be another powerful avenue of support for parents and other relatives. During family therapy sessions, parents learn how to better communicate with their teens, foster more productive conversations to avoid conflict or de-escalate a fight, and help teens work on their social and communicative skills at home.

Physical Activity

Physical activity can help teens with PTSD manage their cognitive (mood) symptoms, as well as potentially help reduce stress and anxiety levels. If your teen doesn’t have a preferred sport or physical activity, then a good way to support them is to help them find something they can consistently do to keep in shape and help cope with negative or intrusive thoughts and feelings.

Residential Treatment

An in-depth treatment plan can be challenging to follow, especially from home. Residential or inpatient treatment gives teens a few weeks to settle into a routine to help manage their symptoms and better juggle their home and academic responsibilities with therapy.

How Parents Can Help Teens Heal

This PTSD Awareness Month is all about spreading the word on the symptoms of PTSD, helping families who might know a loved one struggling with post-traumatic stress, and talking about the treatment options for managing PTSD in the long term.

But in the long term, it is important to support your loved one in treatment and consider being involved in the treatment process.

Parents can help their teens by considering family therapy as a modality to further explore how a teen’s home environment and parent-child relationship can better support them while learning more about PTSD and comorbid conditions.

Treatment for Teens in Southern California

Do you want to learn more about PTSD treatments for teens and long-term stress management? Here at Visions Adolescent Treatment in Southern California, we offer specialized programs tailored to teens dealing with post-traumatic stress and other mental health challenges, including comorbid conditions such as depression or social anxiety.

Our comprehensive approach includes inpatient therapy, individualized scheduling, counseling, and referral to support groups and local resources to help teens heal and thrive in the long term. Get in touch with us to learn more about our treatment plans and modalities for PTSD at Visions Adolescent Treatment.

Conclusion

Let’s make the most of PTSD Awareness Month this June by encouraging families to help their loved ones get the support they need after a traumatizing event, such as an accident or surviving violence.

Let’s spread awareness of the many ways family members can get involved in the treatment of PTSD in children and teens.

Through love, compassion, and patience, parents can support their teens while spreading the message that PTSD can be treated, managed, and overcome together.

Source:

Cisler JM, Herringa RJ. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Developing Adolescent Brain. Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 15;89(2):144-151. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.001. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PMID: 32709416; PMCID: PMC7725977.
Categories
Mental Health PTSD Stress Trauma

Can Teens Have PTSD?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with combat veterans and victims of sexual assault. It is a widespread condition with a spectrum of symptoms brought on by any form of trauma at any age. So, what about teens? Can teens have PTSD too?

Nearly 7 percent of adults experience PTSD at some point in their lives, and women experience PTSD more regularly each year (5.2 percent) than men (1.8 percent). However, among teens alone, about 5 percent experience PTSD any given year (8 percent among girls, 2.3 percent among boys). Children can experience PTSD as well, usually in response to abuse or the loss of a parent. PTSD symptoms appear a little different in children and teens than they do in adults.

Recognizing the signs of PTSD can help parents and friends get their loved ones the care they need and minimize the chances of long-term recurring mental health problems, such as high levels of stress and anxiety, recurring depressive thoughts, and even suicidal ideation.

What is PTSD?

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a type of stress disorder or anxiety disorder caused by trauma. Whereas other anxiety disorders may also figure in a traumatic or harrowing experience as part of its causes, PTSD can usually be directly attributed to a single event or series of events, such as a natural disaster, death of a loved one, or habitual family abuse. PTSD is triggered by a traumatic event but does have genetic causes. Some people are more likely to develop PTSD symptoms in response to trauma than others.

PTSD Symptoms in Teens and Children

In addition to being a mental health issue, PTSD has physical symptoms. The brain changes in response to trauma, sometimes being “locked” into a state of hypervigilance or awareness. Children, teens, and adults with PTSD have marked differences in the way their brain processes startling stimuli. As a result, people with PTSD are more prone to entering fight-or-flight, are more easily startled, and may be much more irritable and on-edge than others.

PTSD has several characteristic symptoms that can be categorized as either remembering/re-experiencingavoidanceunwanted thoughts, or physical and emotional changes, such as heightened anxiety, difficulty controlling emotions, recurring depressive episodes, insomnia, jitters, nervousness, restlessness, and an uncontrollable startle reflex.

Can Teens Have PTSD? How Does it Differ from Adults?

Post-traumatic stress disorder is not a simple condition, and symptoms can vary depending on the nature of the trauma, the severity of the condition itself, and the age of the person. Children and teens will usually experience PTSD differently than adults.

In general, teens are more prone to anger and irritability after a traumatic experience. Teens with PTSD have a harder time with emotional regulation and will be more emotionally unstable as a result of their condition. They are more likely to turn towards violent actions against themselves or others following a traumatic experience and more likely to experience outbursts of anger, either against themselves or others. Teens are also likely to “retaliate” to abuse by engaging in self-harm, high-risk behavior, sexual behavior, or substance use.

Children and PTSD

Aside from greater emotionality and irritability, symptoms between teens and adults are mostly the same. Children, on the other hand, are more likely to incorporate elements of their trauma into play as part of their “flashbacks” or re-experiencing symptoms. A child under the age of six may re-experience their trauma through roleplaying or reenactments with toys. They are also more prone to nightmares and other frightening dreams that incorporate elements of their traumatic experience.

Time-Skewing and Omen Formation

Two other unique elements in pre-adolescent PTSD are time-skewing and omen formation. In other words, children are more likely to mess up the sequence of events in which their trauma took place, among other memory problems. They will have a harder time remembering exactly in what order things happened to them, perhaps due to the way their brain prioritizes the severity of the event over its chronological order.

Omen formation refers to the way children will attempt to understand what happened to them through pattern recognition. They may pick random signs that occurred prior to the trauma as predictive factors for a repeated event. In this way, they will try to stay alert for anything that might signal another traumatic experience, even if it had nothing to do with their abuse or trauma.

As with older teens and adults, children experience cognitive trouble and memory problems because of untreated trauma. They may do worse in school, and symptoms can continue for years after the event.

PTSD vs. Other Anxiety Disorders

PTSD can be classified as an anxiety disorder because its characteristic symptoms center around a nervous response to a traumatic event, and this can reinforce existing feelings of insecurity and anxiousness or create new ones.

Teens and adults with PTSD are also more prone to social and generalized anxiety (growing feelings of worry, despite no direct cause), panic attacks, and depressive symptoms, including overwhelming feelings of guilt and self-blame, and resulting episodes of self-harm or suicidal ideation.

However, most other anxiety disorders are not directly linked to a single event or traumatic cause. Anxiety disorders like social anxiety disorder or generalized anxiety usually develop independently of any event, with the most common age of onset being adolescence.

How is PTSD in Teens Treated?

Some medications can help teens with PTSD manage stress symptoms and depressive symptoms, such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medication, but the bulk of a teen’s treatment relies on therapeutic methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).

These therapies approach PTSD in different ways but ultimately circle back to helping teens work through their trauma, overcome, and deconstruct misattributed feelings of guilt or shame, and develop healthy coping skills to manage future stressors and lead a symptom-free life.

Specialized treatment may be needed in cases where PTSD is coupled with another diagnosis, such as substance use disorder or major depressive disorder. Co-occurring mental health conditions can complicate treatment and require an approach that addresses multiple issues concurrently through a lens of holistic mental care.

Finding Treatment for PTSD in Teens

It’s important to treat and address PTSD in teens to prevent other long-term mental health issues. If you suspect your teen of experiencing PTSD, contact us today.

Visions Treatment Centers is focused on treating teen mental health needs using specialty clinic modalities by licensed clinical psychologists. We also offer teen residential treatment programs and much more.

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PTSD

10 Symptoms of PTSD in Teenagers

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that can develop after someone has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event.

There are many signs and symptoms of PTSD in teenagers. If you notice any symptoms, it is important to talk with your teenage son or daughter about PTSD. Don’t wait for them to come forward first because they may be too ashamed to admit what they are experiencing. No matter how bad the situation seems, there is hope for healing from PTSD. The most important thing you can do as a parent is to listen and believe your teen if they tell you something has happened to them. It might be difficult to accept, but it is critical.

In this article, you will discover the most common symptoms of PTSD in teenagers.

10 Symptoms of PTSD in Teenagers

Post-traumatic stress disorder affects about 6.8 percent of people across a lifetime, with a prevalence of about 5 percent among adolescents, and a prevalence of 1.5 percent for symptoms with severe impairment (i.e. unable to function at home, school, or socially). 

PTSD most often develops in response to natural and human-caused disasters and experiences of violence. As with most mental health issues, there is a range of symptoms associated with PTSD. Signs and symptoms of PTSD can range from restlessness and increased stress reactions, as well as general fatigue, to severe impairments that keep you from doing your job, being around for your friends, or having any time or interest for your hobbies. 

The effects of PTSD are unique between individuals, but there are generalizations that apply across certain age groups. Adults will react to PTSD differently than children might, or adolescents. PTSD in children between the ages of 5 and 12, for example, may not involve re-experience symptoms, but can involve revisiting and re-enacting the trauma in the form of play. 

PTSD in teens, on the other hand, involves more feelings of irritation and aggressive behavior than children or adults. Most other symptoms are similar to those that adults experience, but teens are more likely to lash out, or direct their anger inwards and commit to self-harm and substance abuse. 

Among teens and adults, all major symptoms of PTSD can be categorized as either re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, or agitation symptoms.

Re-experiencing Symptoms

These include symptoms that center around re-experiencing their trauma in some shape or form. It might not necessarily be a single event, but it will usually be some sort of recurring trigger. 

  • Recurring Nightmares 

Nightmares are a very common re-experiencing symptom for PTSD. In fact, research shows that it may be one of the most common symptoms. These differ from regular nightmares in that they typically occur earlier in the night – before deep sleep – and may cause more involuntary body movements while sleeping. 

  • Flashbacks

Like nightmares, these recurring scenarios take the shape of images, memories, thoughts, and episodes. They can occur without a trigger and can even cause some senses to go haywire – such as feeling, smelling, or hearing the things you felt, smelt, and heard during your trauma. 

  • Intrusive Thinking

Like flashbacks, these are recurring thoughts that are uncontrollable and unwanted, and make their way into the forefront of your mind without warning, and often without an identifiable trigger. Intrusive thoughts range from uncharacteristic and horrible ideas or urges, to remembering something unwanted, but not quite as vividly as a flashback or nightmare. 

Avoidance Symptoms

Where re-experiencing symptoms revolve around unwanted thoughts, avoidance symptoms are willful or subconscious efforts to block out the experience, and everything associated with it. 

  • Emotional Numbness

Emotional numbness may seem like a vague symptom, but it is identifiable and concerning. It can best be described as a dulling of the emotional senses. The person isn’t unfeeling, but will react softer, or less than before, may have a harder time expressing joy or sadness, and will be harder to reach. 

  • Hypervigilance

Hypervigilance is another subconscious form of avoidance, in the form of elevated perception and reactivity. A person with hypervigilance will experience anxiety very quickly, as their fight-or-flight sense remains active and overstimulated. It can be incredibly tiring and can affect a person’s sleep. 

  • Antisocial Behavior

Antisocial behavior can be especially noticeable in teens with PTSD. A teen with PTSD may intentionally avoid their friends, will greatly reduce the amount of time they spend around others, will go out less, and will generally push others away, either indirectly or confrontationally. 

  • Avoiding Certain Places

While many symptoms of PTSD can occur without triggers, triggers do exist, and can exacerbate symptoms – even years later. These include certain smells, faces, places, and even sounds. A person with PTSD may intentionally or subconsciously avoid these things, taking longer routes to work or school, cutting out activities or places from their lives, and so on. While it’s healthy to remove yourself from a toxic situation, avoidance in PTSD is a form of maladaptive coping. You can learn to reacquaint yourself with these places and sensations without the associated stress and trauma, via careful treatment and professional exposure therapy. 

Agitation Symptoms

Agitation symptoms are signs of a heightened response as a result of the trauma. PTSD can reshape the way the brain works in minor yet noticeable ways, especially when it comes to stress. 

Our adrenal glands and amygdala play an important role in self-preservation, instinctual behavior, and stress responses, and PTSD can trigger these prematurely, or overstimulate the stress response. This can lead to aggressive behavior for no reason, extreme startle response, and panic attacks. 

  • Heightened Startle Response

This can be anything from reacting excessively to a tap on the shoulder, to flinching when being called by name. Certain actions, from sudden movement to something related to the trauma, may result in more of a startle response

  • Sleeplessness

The stress of an overly active stress response can take its toll both physically and psychologically but can also disrupt sleep and rest. This causes a dangerous cycle where a person’s mood and mental state continues to deteriorate under less and less sleep, while their symptoms make it harder and harder to fall asleep and get an adequate amount of rest. 

  • Random Irritation

Another form of increased agitation is increased aggression, both towards others and towards oneself. While this may be a difficult symptom to quantify, random and completely unwarranted bouts of aggressive behavior and irritability can be a clear sign that something’s wrong. 

PTSD can occur for many reasons, but the main neurological cause behind it is thought to be a result of overstimulation and trauma causing changes in the way the brain works and reacts to stress and stimuli. Another way of looking at it is like a psychological wound, only one that might not necessarily heal with time alone. 

Understanding the symptoms of PTSD in teenagers – and how it might differ from adults – can help you better recognize signs of trauma in yourself and your loved ones and pick up on when you should consider seeing a professional. You don’t always need to experience a life-threatening situation to develop a reaction to trauma. Even something indirect, like the tragic loss of a loved one, can lead to a form of PTSD. 

If you or a loved one is struggling with PTSD, seek help together. It’s a long road to getting better, and support matters.

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PTSD Trauma

Recognizing Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders in Teens

Trauma and stressor related disorders, sometimes commonly referred to as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can be characterized by aberrant symptoms following a period or event of extreme stress, with various recurring reactions, behaviors, thoughts, and other symptoms ranging from restlessness jitters to panic attacks, extreme irritability, and more.

PTSD symptoms differ from age group to age group. The condition can occur at any point in a person’s lifetime. The only prerequisite for PTSD is trauma – while there is a genetic component in how likely PTSD is to occur after a harrowing event, anyone can be affected by PTSD.

When a teen develops PTSD or trauma and stressor related disorders, their stress response system is no longer functioning the way it should. This can lead to several issues during everyday situations, such as being hyperaware and constantly on-edge, or dissociating from life and reacting seemingly cold or emotionless.

While PTSD used to be considered a type of anxiety disorder, it has since been recategorized as a trauma disorder due to trauma and stressor related disorders having their phenotype characteristics, including dissociative symptoms and extreme irritability.

However, teens with PTSD are also more likely to struggle with comorbidity in the form of depression and anxiety. They may be more susceptible to co-occurring substance use disorders and high-risk behaviors such as self-harm. Recognizing trauma and stressor related disorders in teens is essential because specific symptoms can be mistaken for “normal” teen behavior.

What Does PTSD in Children and Teens Look Like?

Children and teens can react differently to trauma than some adults do. In younger school-aged children, PTSD symptoms may include reliving or re-engaging in traumatic experiences through play (either with toys or virtually). It is thought that younger children have a more challenging time recalling the order of traumatic events.

Teens are more likely than children and adults to react aggressively after trauma and are more likely to develop impulsive behaviors as part of their PTSD. From here, signs and symptoms vary wildly. Some of the signs of PTSD in children and teens include:

    • Avoidance of certain situations or events
    • Nightmares and flashbacks in older children
    • More impulsive behavior
    • Frequent nervousness, restlessness, being on-edge
    • Acting numb or distant
    • Trouble focusing on tasks and academics

The DMV-5 utilizes eight sets of criteria with their symptoms to define and diagnose PTSD in individuals, further providing information about how the disorder might manifest. These criterion sets include:

    1. A significant stressor/traumatic event(s)
    2. Intrusive symptoms (unwanted thoughts, flashbacks, and nightmares)
    3. Avoidance symptoms
    4. Adverse changes in mood and memory (i.e., trouble remembering things)
    5. Changes in arousal and reaction (greater aggression, easily startling, hypervigilance)
    6. Duration (symptoms lasting more than four weeks)
    7. Functional significance (symptoms must create distress and impact social life, school life, work, etc.)
    8. Excluding other reasons (symptoms cannot be explained by medication, other illnesses, substance use)

Some of these signs may be more obvious than others. It is also understood that there are dissociative variants of PTSD (where the primary characteristic is a “disconnection” from reality) or other trauma and stressor related disorders.

Defining Other Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A traumatic experience is one that leaves a lasting negative impression. Ultimately, many of us experience traumatic events in our lives. Losing a loved one, witnessing a natural catastrophe or accident, or being the victim of a crime can leave a lasting and significant impact. However, each person processes trauma in different ways.

In some cases, the damage can be so severe that it lingers for months and bleeds into every waking moment. Flashbacks, avoidance symptoms, and hypervigilance are just some of how the mind tries to cope with an event or horror that has left an impression too great to overcome without help and therapy. Some of the other ways in which trauma can leave a lasting impact include:

Acute Stress Disorder

Acute stress disorder (ASD) shares many of the same symptoms as PTSD. Still, its onset is almost immediately after a traumatic event, lasting for at least two days and less than a month. Sometimes, ASD develops into PTSD if symptoms persist past a month.

Adjustment Disorders

Adjustment disorders are defined as adverse changes in thought or behavior in a teen following a traumatic event, usually below the threshold for a PTSD diagnosis.

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is characterized by withdrawn behavior. It is typically caused by extreme neglect or social deprivation. A teen with RAD may display limited or lacking emotional responses and low empathy or remorse.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) is characterized by a lack of inhibition when interacting with strangers. Children and teens with DSED may be overly friendly or welcoming towards people they don’t know, for no apparent reason. It’s a different form of response to extreme neglect and social deprivation.

Other Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (DID), dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization disorder, are often the result of an extreme stressor or traumatic experience, causing a person to separate themselves from the experience of reality itself.

Grief-Related Trauma

The loss of a loved one causes bereavement disorders. While it’s normal to be in pain when we lose someone we love, specific symptoms – such as intense grief over a year after the death, significant impairment due to distress, preoccupation with the deceased, etc. – may indicate a disorder.

Treating Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders in Teens

Treatments for trauma and stressor related disorders depend on the severity of the condition and the types of symptoms present. Talk therapy is an integral part of the treatment process, and therapists may leverage specific techniques to help teens better process their emotions and regulate responses or gradually approach and confront particular events. Trauma-specific treatments meant to address stressors include:

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

This approach to treatment utilizes guided eye movements to change how a person reacts in response to triggers.

Exposure Therapy

Although it sounds drastic, exposure therapy encompasses several different therapy types to overcome their fear or trauma in a safe environment.

Cognitive Therapy

This type of talk therapy aims to help patients become aware of the relationship between their thoughts, behaviors, and mood and recognize patterns in thinking and behavior associated with their PTSD. Identifying these patterns can help in slowly altering them over time.

Treating PTSD in teens is difficult at any age, under any circumstances. Trauma is powerful, and it takes time and support to overcome these emotional and physical responses slowly. However, with consistent therapy and help from friends and family, long-term treatment can significantly reduce symptoms.

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PTSD Trauma

Recognizing the Symptoms of PTSD in Teens

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and potentially underreported issue among teens. Sources of trauma are varied and can include both acute and chronic causes such as child abuse, school shootings, gang violence, and automobile accidents. Left undiagnosed or inadequately treated, PTSD can lead to several comorbid mental health conditions, a much higher rate of suicide, and trouble with social interaction.

Among children and teens, about 14-43 percent experience a type of trauma. Roughly 3-15 percent of young girls and 1-6 percent of young boys are diagnosed with PTSD. Among teens identified with PTSD, 47 percent were recorded to struggle with depression as well. Diagnosed teens were more likely than their peers to engage in high-risk behaviors and self-harm, and had trouble adjusting to and interacting with peers without PTSD.

While it’s a condition that affects millions of Americans, PTSD (and trauma in general) can often be misunderstood. It’s important to recognize the early symptoms of PTSD in teens and children, in order to seek help as early as possible.

Defining Trauma

Trauma and traumatic events are two separate concepts. Trauma is a personal emotional response to a severe event, or a chronic accumulation of overwhelming stressors. Not all traumatic events cause trauma in a person, and not all instances of trauma lead to a disorder. Trauma is, despite its terrible nature, a normal response. We go through emotional and physical shock after a sudden loss, assault, or other type of traumatic event.

Similarly, being exposed to upsetting situations repeatedly can also cause trauma, such as with first responders to mass casualty events, social workers, medical professionals, soldiers, and police officers confronted with violent cases. Like a buzzer, some of these examples can eventually cause shock to run through our system. In rare occasions, a traumatic response can leave the buzzer on almost permanently.

Rather than being in a state of shock and denial for a few days to a few weeks, the symptoms and feelings of trauma might persist for months and years. When the personal response to a traumatic event is particularly severe or long-lasting, it becomes a disorder. While the main cause of PTSD is trauma, there are factors that make it more or less likely for teens to develop PTSD. Recurring trauma increases the chances of PTSD, for example, as does a history of anxiety and traumatic stress in the family.

Being left alone or having no system for support or recovery after trauma can also cause it to linger for much longer and develop PTSD. PTSD can cause a change in the brain’s reaction to stress, especially anything reminiscent of the trauma, and one aspect PTSD is that it causes the body’s fight-flight-freeze response to go haywire.

The Three Main Symptoms

When trauma lingers and develops into PTSD, it continues to leave a mark on a person’s life in one or more ways, usually along the lines of three basic symptoms:

    • Re-experiencing: Symptoms people usually think of when they think of PTSD tend to be forms of re-experiencing – flashbacks, bad dreams, sudden images and intrusive thoughts, and unwanted recollection. Sometimes, symptoms of re-experiencing are triggered by outside reminders. At other times, they can occur out of nowhere.
    • Avoidance: Some people develop emotional numbness to anything associated with the trauma. They avoid or grow distant towards people, places, and things. Avoidance in PTSD can be extreme and may even include signs of dissociation or disconnection from oneself or reality.
    • Agitation: These are symptoms of extreme alertness and arousal. Someone who is excessively jumpy, easily angered, and struggles with sleep may be experiencing symptoms of agitation.

Most symptoms of PTSD fall within the three major categories of symptoms and represent intense unresolved fear and unconscious attempts at coping with that fear. Due to PTSD’s effects on the brain and the way we perceive stress, teens diagnosed with PTSD may be more likely to develop comorbid mental health conditions and are more susceptible to things like substance use disorder.

Common Signs and Symptoms of PTSD in Teens

Some of the signs of PTSD in teens include:

    • Panic attacks
    • Recurring nightmares after the fact
    • Restlessness and insomnia
    • High irritability
    • Easily startled
    • Emotionally numb or distant
    • Isolating oneself from friends and family
    • Avoiding places and things
    • Struggling at school or work
    • More open to high-risk behavior
    • More likely to react violently towards others (this is more common among teens than children or adults)
    • Struggling to maintain a relationship
    • Openly discussing suicidal ideas
    • Reacting viscerally to traumatic triggers (heart rate hikes, hyperventilation)

Researchers find PTSD symptoms differ slightly between children, teens, and adults. For example, children are likely to incorporate elements of their trauma into play, because they are reliving their trauma by re-enacting it. Teens tend to display more violent behavior if exposed to violence versus children or adults.

PTSD vs. Acute Stress Disorder

Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a different condition that arises in the first month after a traumatic event. When someone is exhibiting severe symptoms similar to PTSD immediately after a horrific event, they are generally experiencing ASD. These symptoms become PTSD when they last longer than a month.

Another difference is that PTSD symptoms can and do sometimes occur with a delay – a teen can survive a tragic accident or terrible assault and be “fine” for weeks and months, and then begin displaying symptoms of PTSD months after the event occurred. Extremely rare cases have even recorded PTSD onset occurring a year after trauma.

Seeking Help

A diagnosis of PTSD is not made lightly. It is normal to feel shaken up after a traumatic event. But it is equally important not to dismiss what might be a mental disorder. PTSD can leave its mark on the brain and turn every day into a nightmare. Seeking help as early as possible can help reduce the impact PTSD has on a teen’s life. Consider seeking a diagnosis from a psychiatrist or take a screening test and bring the results to a mental health professional.

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